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The Presidio was originally a Spanish fort sited by Juan Bautista de Anza on March 28, 1776, built by a party led by José Joaquín Moraga later that year. In 1783, the Presidio's garrison numbered only 33 men. Upon Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, it was briefly operated as a Mexican fortification. The Presidio was seized by the U.S. military at the start of the Mexican–American War in 1846. It was officially re-opened by the Americans in 1848 and became home to several army headquarters and units, the last being the United States 6th Army. Several famous U.S. generals, such as William Sherman, George Henry Thomas, and John Pershing, made their homes here. During its long history, the Presidio was involved in most of America's military engagements in the Pacific Rim. Importantly, it was the assembly point for army forces that invaded the Philippines during the Spanish–American War, America's first major military engagement in the region.
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Beginning in the 1890s, the Presidio was home to the Letterman Army Medical Center (LAMC), named in 1911 for Jonathan Letterman, the medical director of the Civil War-era Army of the Potomac. LAMC provided thousands of war-wounded with high quality medical care during every US foreign conflict of the 20th century. One of the last two remaining cemeteries within the city's limits is the San Francisco National Cemetery. Among the military personnel interred there are General Frederick Funston, hero of the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and commanding officer of the Presidio at the time of the 1906 earthquake; and General Irvin McDowell, a Union Army commander who was defeated by the Confederates in the First Battle of Bull Run. The Marine Hospital operated a cemetery for merchant seamen approximately 100–250 yards (91–229 m) from the hospital property. Based on city municipal records, historians estimate that the cemetery was in use from 1885 to 1912.
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As part of the "Trails Forever" initiative, the Parks Conservancy, the National Park Service, and the Presidio Trust partnered to build a walking trail along the south side of the site featuring interpretive signage about its history. The Presidio was the home of the Western Defense Command headquarters during World War II. It was here that Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt signed 108 Civilian Exclusion Orders and directives for the internment of Japanese Americans under the authority of Executive Order 9066 signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. The Presidio sent its few remaining units to war for the last time in 1991 for Desert Storm, the First Gulf War. The role of Sixth Army was management of training and coordinating deployment of Army National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve units in the Western U.S. for Operation Desert Storm.
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Presidio Tunnel Tops is the nation's newest national park space, completely free and accessible to all! Start your adventure at the Presidio Visitor Center to grab a Discovery Guide, or check out our interactive map before you go. After a successful opening weekend in July, people have been enjoying special events, artwork, and food at Presidio Tunnel Tops. There's much to discover across these 14 acres, from stunning views to the Outpost play area for kids of all ages. The park was built by the community, for the community, and that spirit lives on through youth programs at the refreshed Crissy Field Center and the Presidio Activator Council, comprised of Bay Area community leaders, activists, and artists working to make Presidio Tunnel Tops feel like an inclusive space. Led by the #GoldenGate National Parks Conservancy, the #Presidio Tunnel Tops campaign raised over $98 million, and we're thankful for the donors and community members who helped bring this vision to life. We're grateful to the Partnership for the Presidio, which includes the Parks Conservancy, Presidio Trust, and National Park Service, and EVERYBODY who helped make #PresidioTunnelTops happen, in ways large and small.
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